There are numerous types of data structures:
- An array stores a number of elements in a specific order. They are accessed using an integer to specify which element is required (although the elements may be of almost any type). Typical implementations allocate contiguous memory words for the elements of arrays (but this is not always a necessity). Arrays may be fixed-length or expandable.
- Records (also called tuples or structs) are among the simplest data structures. A record is a value that contains other values, typically in fixed number and sequence and typically indexed by names. The elements of records are usually called fields ormembers.
- A hash table (also called a dictionary or map) is a more flexible variation on a record, in which name-value pairs can be added and deleted freely.
- A union type specifies which of a number of permitted primitive types may be stored in its instances, e.g. "float or long integer". Contrast with a record, which could be defined to contain a float and an integer; whereas, in a union, there is only one value at a time. Enough space is allocated to contain the widest member datatype.
- A tagged union (also called a variant, variant record, discriminated union, or disjoint union) contains an additional field indicating its current type, for enhanced type safety.
- A set is an abstract data structure that can store specific values, without any particular order, and with no repeated values. Values themselves are not retrieved from sets, rather one tests a value for membership to obtain a boolean "in" or "not in".
- Graphs and trees are linked abstract data structures composed of nodes. Each node contains a value and also one or morepointers to other nodes. Graphs can be used to represent networks, while variants of trees can be used for sorting and searching, having their nodes arranged in some relative order based on their values.
- An object contains data fields, like a record, and also contains program code fragments for accessing or modifying those fields. Data structures not containing code, like those above, are called plain old data structures.
Many others are possible, but they tend to be further variations and compounds of the above listed types.
DOWNLOAD FROM HERE..
Algorithms
An algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite list[1] of well-defined instructions[2] for calculating a function.[3] Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty),[4] the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, proceeds through a finite[5] number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing "output"[6] and terminating at a final ending state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input.[7]
No comments:
Post a Comment